ugc/cbse net computer science syllabus Paper II

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CBSE (UGC) NET CS Paper II

Copyright © www.www.examrace.com

Discrete Structures: Sets, Relations, Functions. Pigeonhole Principle, Inclusion-Exclusion Principle, Equivalence and Partial Orderings, Elementary Counting Techniques, Probability. Measure (s) for information and Mutual information. Computability: Models of computation-Finite Automata, Pushdown Automata, Non-determinism and NFA, DPDA and PDAs and Languages accepted by these structures. Grammars, Languages, Non-computability and Examples of non-computable problems.

Graph: Definition, walks, paths, trails, connected graphs, regular and bipartite graphs, cycles and circuits. Tree and rooted tree. Spanning trees. Eccentricity of a vertex radius and diameter of a graph. Central Graphs. Centres of a tree. Hamiltonian and Eulerian graphs, Planar graphs. Groups: Finite fields and Error correcting/detecting codes. Computer Arithmetic: Propositional (Boolean) Logic, Predicate Logic, Well-foraied-formulae (WFF), Satisfiability and Tautology. Logic Families: TTL, ECL and C-MOS gates. Boolean algebra and Minimization of Boolean functions. Flip-flops-types, race condition and comparison. Design of combinational and sequential circuits. Representation of Integers: Octal, Hex, Decimal, and Binary. 2? s complement and 1? s complement arithmetic. Floating point representation. Programming in C and C + +: Programming in C: Elements of C-Tokens, identifiers, data types in C. Control structures in C. Sequence, selection and iteration (s). Structured data types in C-arrays, struct, union, string, and pointers. O-O Programming Concepts: Class, object, instantiation. Inheritance, polymorphism and overloading. C + + Programming: Elements of C + ± Tokens, identifiers. Variables and constants, Datatypes, Operators, Control statements. Functions parameter passing. Class and objects. Constructors and destructors. Overloading, Inheritance, Templates, Exception handling. Relational Database Design and SQL: E-R diagrams and their transformation to relational design, normalization-INF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF and 4NF. Limitations of 4NF and BCNF. SQL: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Data Control Language (DCL) commands. Database objects like-Views, indexes, sequences, synonyms, data dictionary. Data and File structures: Data, Information, Definition of data structure. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, graphs, priority queues and heaps. File Structures: Fields, records and files. Sequential, direct, index-sequential and relative files. Hashing, inverted lists and multi-lists. B trees and B + trees. Computer Networks: Network fundamentals: Local Area Networks (LAN), Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN), Wireless Networks, Inter Networks. Reference Models: The OSI model, TCP/IP model. Data Communication: Channel capacity. Transmission media-twisted pair, coaxial cables, fibre-optic cables, wireless transmission-radio, microwave, infrared and millimeter waves. Lightwave transmission. Thelephones-local loop, trunks, multiplexing, switching, narrowband ISDN, broadband ISDN, ATM, High speed LANS. Cellular %Radio. Communication satellites-geosynchronous and low-orbit. Internetworking: Switch/Hub, Bridge, Router, Gateways, Concatenated virtual circuits, Tunnelling, Fragmentation, Firewalls. Routing: Virtual circuits and datagrams. Routing algorithms. Conjestion control. Network Security: Cryptography-public key, secret key. Domain Name System (DNS) -Electronic Mail and Worldwide Web (WWW). The DNS, Resource Records, Name servers. E-mail-architecture and Serves. System Software and Compilers: Assembly language fundamentals (8085 based assembly language programming). Assemblers-2-pass and single-pass. Macros and macroprocessors. Loading, linking, relocation, program relocatability. Linkage editing. Text editors. Programming Environments. Debuggers and program generators. Compilation and Interpretation. Bootstrap compilers. Phases of compilation process. Lexical analysis. Lex package on Unix system. Context free grammars. Parsing and parse trees. Representation of parse (derivation) trees as rightmost and leftmost derivations. Bottom up parsers-shift-reduce, operator precedence, and LR. YACC package on Unix system. Topdown parsers-left recursion and its removal. Recursive descent parser. Predictive parser. Intermediate codes-Quadruples, Triples, Intermediate code generation, Code generation, Code optimization. Operating Systems (with Case Study of Unix): Main functions of operating systems. Multi Prograrnming, multiprocessing, and multitasking. Memory Management: Virtual memory, paging, fragmentation. Concurrent Processing: Mutual exclusion. Critical regions, lock and unlock. Scheduling: CPU scheduling, I/O scheduling, Resource scheduling. Deadlock and scheduling algorithms. Banker's algorithm for deadlock handling. UNIX: The Unix System: File system, process management, bourne shell, shell variables, command line programming. Filters and Commands: Pr, head, tail, cut, paste, sort, uniq, tr, join, etc. grep, egrep, fgrep, etc. sed, awk, etc. System Calls (like): Creat, open, close, read, write, iseek, link, unlink, stat, fstat, umask, chmod, exec, fork, wait, system. Software Engineering: System Development Life Cycle (SDLC): Steps, Water fall model, Prototypes, Spiral model. Software Metrics: Software Project Management. Software Design: System design, detailed design, function oriented design, object oriented design, user interface design. Design level metrics. Coding and Testing: Testing level metrics. Software quality and reliability. Clean room approach, software reengineering. Current Trends and Technologies: The topics of current interest in Computer Science and Computer Applications shall be covered. The experts shall use their judgement from time to time to include the topics of popular interest, which are expected to be known for an application development software professional, currently, they include: Parallel Computing: Parallel virtual machine (pvm) and message passing interface (MPI) libraries and calls. Advanced architectures. Today's fastest computers.

Mobile Computing: Mobile connectivity-Cells, Framework, wireless delivery technology and switching methods, mobile information access devices, mobile data internetworking standards, cellular data communication protocols, mobile computing applications. Mobile databases-protocols, scope, tools and technology.

M-business. E-Technologies: Electronic Commerce: Framework, Media Convergence of Applications, Consumer Applications, Organisation Applications. Electronic Payment Systems: Digital Token, Smart Cards, Credit Cards, Risks in Electronic Payment System, Designing Electronic Payment Systems.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): Concepts, Applications (Legal, Security and Privacy), issues, EDI and Electronic Commerce, Standardization and EDI, EDI Software Implementation, EDI Envelope for Message Transport, Internet-Based EDI. 

Digital Libraries and Data Warehousing: Concepts, Types of Digital documents, Issues behind document Infrastructure, Corporate Data Warehouses. Software Agents: Characteristics and Properties of Agents, Technology behind Software Agents (Applets, Browsers and Software Agents).

Broadband Telecommunications: Concepts, Frame Relay, Cell Relay, Switched Multimegabit Data Service, Asynchronous Transfer Mode. Main concepts in Geographical Information System (GIS), E-cash, E-Business, ERP packages.

Data Warehousing: Data Warehouse environment, architecture of a data warehouse methodology, analysis, design, construction and administration.

Data Mining: Extracting models and patterns from large databases, data mining techniques, classification, regression, clustering, summarization, dependency modelling, link analysis, sequencing analysis, mining scientific and business data.

Windows Programming: Introduction to Windows programming-Win32, Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), Documents and views, Resources, Message handling in windows. Simple Applications (in windows): Scrolling, splitting views, docking toolbars, status bars, common dialogs. 

Advanced Windows Programming: Multiple Document Interface (MDI), Multithreading. Object linking and Embedding (OLE). Active X controls. Active Template Library (ATL). 

Network programming.

Open Source Technology concept for b.com-3 /B.sc-3 (Voc Comp)

What is Open Source Software

Open source software is generally free software that you can use in your business. Open source developers choose to make the source code of their software publicly available for the good of the community and to publish their software with an open source license – meaning that other developers can see how it works and add to it. Examples of open source products include Open Office, the internet browser Mozilla Firefox, Wikipedia, the GNU/Linux operating system and its derivative Android, an operating system for mobile devices.

Generically, open source refers to a program in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design free of charge, i.e., open. Open source code is typically created as a collaborative effort in which programmers improve upon the code and share the changes within the community. Open source sprouted in the technological community as a response to proprietary software owned by corporations.

Working of Open Source Software

From a business user perspective, open source software works in much the same way as proprietary software systems provided by commercial software firms – the only difference being that generally you don’t pay for it. However there are a few important differences – the idea behind open source software is that users are effectively co-developers, suggesting ways to improve it and helping to hunt out bugs and problems. This means that if you wish, you can modify it to your own needs, port it to new operating systems and share it with others.

A certification standard issued by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) that indicates that the source code of a computer program is made available free of charge to the general public. The rationale for this movement is that a larger group of programmers not concerned with proprietary ownership or financial gain will produce a more useful and bug -free product for everyone to use. The concept relies on peer review to find and eliminate bugs in the program code, a process which commercially developed and packaged programs do not utilize. Programmers on the Internet read, redistribute and modify the source code, forcing an expedient evolution of the product. The process of eliminating bugs and improving the software happens at a much quicker rate than through the traditional development channels of commercial software as the information is shared throughout the open source community and does not originate and channel through a corporation's research and development cogs.

Advantages of open source software

1. It’s generally free – it has been estimated that open source software collectively saves businesses $60 billion a year. These days for virtually every paid for proprietary software system you will find an open source version.

2. It’s continually evolving in real time as developers add to it and modify it, which means it can be better quality and more secure and less prone to bugs than proprietary systems, because it has so many users poring over it and weeding out problems.

3. Using open source software also means you are not locked in to using a particular vendor’s system that only work with their other systems.

4. You can modify and adapt open source software for your own business requirements, something that is not possible with proprietary systems.

Disadvantages

1. Because there is no requirement to create a commercial product that will sell and generate money, open source software can tend to evolve more in line with developers’ wishes than the needs of the end user.

2. For the same reason, they can be less “user-friendly” and not as easy to use because less attention is paid to developing the user interface.

3. There may also be less support available for when things go wrong – open source software tends to rely on its community of users to respond to and fix problems.

4. Although the open source software itself is mostly free, there may still be some indirect costs involved, such as paying for external support.

5. Although having an open system means that there are many people identifying bugs and fixing them, it also means that malicious users can potentially view it and exploit any vulnerabilities.

Things to consider

Because of the way it has been developed, open source software can require more technical know-how than commercial proprietary systems, so you may need to put time and effort into training employees to the level required to use it.

BA -1 HISTORY PAPER - II

Sample Questions of C Language for BCA-1

1] Program to find sum of two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ int a,b,s;

clrscr();

printf(“Enter two no: ”);

scanf(“%d%d",&a,&b);

s=a+b;

printf(“sum=%d”,s);

getch();

}

Output:

Enter two no: 5, 6     sum=11

2] Program to find area and circumference of circle.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ int r;

float pi=3.14,area,ci;

clrscr();

printf(“enter radius of circle: ”);

scanf(“%d”,&r);

area=pi*r*r;

printf(“area of circle=%f ”,area);

ci=2*pi*r;

printf(“circumference=%f ”,ci);

getch();

}

Output:

enter radius of a circle: 5

area of circle=78.000

circumference=31.4

3] Program to find the simple interest.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ int p,r,t,si;

clrscr();

printf(“enter principle, Rate of interest & time to find simple interest: ”);

scanf(“%d%d%d”,&p,&r,&t);

si=(p*r*t)/100;

printf(“simple intrest= %d”,si);

getch();

}

Output:

enter principle, rate of interest & time to find simple interest: 500 5 2

simple interest=50

4] Program to convert temperature from degree centigrade to Fahrenheit.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ float c,f;

clrscr();

printf(“enter temp in centigrade: ”);

scanf(“%f”,&c);

f=(1.8*c)+32;

printf(“temp in Fahrenheit=%f ”,f);

getch();

}

Output:

enter temp in centigrade: 32

temp in Fahrenheit=89.59998

5] Program to calculate sum of 5 subjects and find percentage.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int s1,s2,s3,s4,s5,sum,total=500;

float per;

clrscr();

printf(“enter marks of 5 subjects: ”);

scanf(“%d%d%d%d%d”,&s1,&s2,&s3,&s4,&s5);

sum=s1+s2+s3+s4+s5;

printf(“sum=%d”,sum);

per=(sum*100)/total;

printf(“percentage=%f”,per);

getch();

}

Output:

enter marks of 5 subjects: 60 65 50 60 60

sum=300

percentage=60.000

6] Program to show swap of two no’s without using third variable.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ int a,b;

clrscr();

printf(“enter value for a & b: ”);

scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);

a=a+b;

b=a-b;

a=a-b;

printf(“after swapping the value of a & b: %d %d”,a,b);

getch();

}

Output:

enter value for a & b: 4 5

after swapping the value of a & b: 5 4

7] Program to reverse a given number.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ int n,a,r=0;

clrscr();

printf(“enter any no to get its reverse: ”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

while(n>=1)

{ a=n%10;

r=r*10+a;

n=n/10;

}

printf(“reverse=%d”,r);

getch();

}

Output:

enter any no to get its reverse: 456

reverse=654

8] Program to find gross salary.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ int gs,bs,da,ta;

clrscr();

printf(“enter basic salary: ”);

scanf(“%d”,&bs);

da=(10*bs)/100;

ta=(12*bs)/100;

gs=bs+da+ta;

printf(“gross salary=%d”,gs);

getch();

}

Output:

enter basic salary: 100

gross salary=122

9] Program to print a table of any number.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ int gs,bs,da,ta;

clrscr();

printf(“enter basic salary: ”);

scanf(“%d”,&bs);

da=(10*bs)/100;

ta=(12*bs)/100;

gs=bs+da+ta;

printf(“gross salary=%d”,gs);

getch();

}

Output:

enter a no to know table: 2

2*1=2

2*2=4

2*3=6

2*4=8

2*5=10

2*6=12

2*7=14

2*8=16

2*9=18

2*10=20

10] Program to find greatest in 3 numbers.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a,b,c;

clrscr();

printf(“enter value of a, b & c: ”);

scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);

if((a>b)&&(a>c))

printf(“a is greatest”);

if((b>c)&&(b>a))

printf(“b is greatest”);

if((c>a)&&(c>b))

printf(“c is greatest”);

getch();

}

Output:

enter value for a, b& c: 5 7 4

b is greatest

11] Program to show the use of conditional operator.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

clrscr();

printf(“enter value for a & b: ”);

scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);

(a>b)?printf(“a is greater”):printf(“b is greater”);

getch();

}

Output:

enter value for a & b: 5 7

b is greater

12] Program to find that entered year is leap year or not.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int n;

clrscr();

printf(“enter any year: ”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

if(n%4==0)

printf(“year is a leap year”);

else

printf(“year is not a leap year”);

getch();

}

Output:

enter any year: 1947

year is not a leap year

13] Program to find whether given no. is even or odd.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int n;

clrscr();

printf(“enter any no: ”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

if(n%2==0)

printf(“no is even”);

else

printf(“no is odd”);

getch();

}

Output:

enter any no: 5

no is odd

14] Program to shift inputed data by two bits to the left.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int x,y;

clrscr();

printf(“Read the integer from keyboard :- ”);

scanf(“%d”,&x);

x<<=3;

y=x;

printf(“\nThe left shifted data is = %d ”,y);

getch();

}

Output:

Read the integer from keyboard :- 2

The left shifted data is = 16

15] Program to use switch statement. Display Monday to Sunday.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

char ch;

clrscr();

printf(“enter m for Monday\nt for Tuesday\nw for Wednesday\nh for Thursday\nf for

Friday\ns for Saturday\nu for Sunday);

scanf(“%c”,&ch);

switch(ch)

{

case ‘m’:

case ‘M’:

printf(“monday”);

break;

case ‘t’:

case ‘T’:

printf(“tuesday”);

break;

case ‘w’:

case ‘W’:

printf(“wednesday”);

break;

case ‘h’:

case ‘H’:

printf(“thursday”);

break;

case ‘f ’:

case ‘F’:

printf(“friday”);

break;

case ‘s’:

case ‘S’:

printf(“saturday”);

break;

case ‘u’:

case ‘U’:

printf(“sunday”);

break;

default :

printf(“wrong input”);

break;

}

getch();

}

Output:

enter m for Monday

t for Tuesday

w for Wednesday

h for Thursday

f for Friday

s for Saturday

u for Sunday: f

friday

16] Program to display arithmetic operator using switch case.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{ int a,b,n,s,m,su,d;

clrscr();

printf(“enter two no’s : ”);

scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);

printf(“enter 1 for sum\n2 for multiply\n3for subtraction\n4 for division: ”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

switch(n)

{

case 1:

s=a+b;

printf(“sum=%d”,s);

break;

case 2:

m=a*b;

printf(“multiply=%d”,m);

break;

case 3:

su=a-b;

printf(“subtraction=%d”,su);

break;

case 4:

d=a/b;

printf(“divission=%d”,d);

break;

default:

printf(“wrong input”);

break;

}

getch();

}

Output:

enter two no’s: 8 4

enter 1 for sum

2 for multiply

3 for subtraction

4 for division: 1

sum=12